MAKKAH — Even under direct sunlight and soaring daytime temperatures, the marble flooring of the Mataf at the Grand Mosque in Makkah (Masjid al-Haram) remains noticeably cool, a result of a carefully engineered system that combines specialized natural materials with smart structural design.The marble used in the Mataf, the open courtyard surrounding the Holy Kaaba where pilgrims perform tawaf, is not ordinary stone. It is a high-quality natural marble sourced from mountainous cold regions and selected for its unique physical properties.This type of marble has a low heat absorption coefficient and a high ability to reflect sunlight rather than store it. Its light color also plays a critical role, reducing thermal radiation compared to darker materials and helping maintain moderate surface temperatures even during peak heat hours.Beyond material selection, the cooling effect is enhanced by engineering design.The thickness of the marble slabs, combined with specialized installation techniques, includes insulating layers and air gaps beneath the surface.These gaps allow airflow circulation, reducing heat transfer and accelerating heat dissipation.The expansive open area of the Mataf courtyard further contributes to temperature regulation.Continuous airflow across the wide surface, combined with the constant movement of pilgrims, helps reduce heat buildup and lowers the perceived temperature on the ground.Together, these solutions demonstrate the integration of engineering expertise and natural materials to create a comfortable and safe environment for pilgrims at Islam’s holiest site.